Homosexuality and God Essay

LGBT is an initialism that collectively refers to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. In use since the 1990s, the term LGBT is an adaptation of the initialism â€Å"LGB†, which itself started replacing the phrase gay community beginning in the mid-to-late 1980s, which many within the community in question felt did not accurately represent all those to whom it referred. The initialism has become mainstream as a self-designation and has been adopted by the majority â€Å"sexuality and gender identity-based† community centers and media in the United States and some other English-speaking countries. The term LGBT is intended to emphasize a diversity of â€Å"sexuality and gender identity-based cultures† and is sometimes used to refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual or cisgender instead of exclusively to people who are homosexual, bisexual, or transgender. To recognize this inclusion, a popular variant adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer and/or are questioning their sexual identity as â€Å"LGBTQ†, recorded since 1996. In Malaysia, LGBT rights are partially recognized. LGBT individuals encompass all races and ethnicities, religions, and social classes. Sexual orientation and gender identity questions are not asked on most national or State surveys, making it difficult to estimate the number of LGBT individuals and their health needs. Research suggests that LGBT individuals face health disparities linked to societal stigma, discrimination, and denial of their civil and human rights. Discrimination against LGBT persons has been associated with high rates of psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and suicide. Experiences of violence and victimization are frequent for LGBT individuals, and have long-lasting effects on the individual and the community. Personal, family, and social acceptance of sexual orientation and gender identity affects the mental health and personal safety of LGBT individuals. It is important to recognize the difference between sexual orientation and sexual behavior as well as the differences among sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender role. Sexual orientation is the affectional or loving attraction to another person. It can be considered as ranging along a continuum from same-sex attraction only at one end of the continuum to pposite-sex attraction only at the other end. Heterosexuality is the attraction to persons of the opposite sex; homosexuality, to persons of the same sex; and bisexuality, to both sexes. Sexual orientation can be seen as part of a continuum ranging from same-sex attraction only (at one end of the continuum) to opposite-sex attraction only (at the other end of the continuum). Sexual behavior, or sexual activity, differs from sexual orientation and alone does not define someone as an LGBT individual. Any person may be capable of sexual behavior with a person of the same or opposite sex, but an individual knows his or her longings—erotic and affectional—and which sex is more likely to satisfy those needs. It is necessary to draw a distinction between sexual orientation and sexual behavior. Not every person with a homosexual or bisexual orientation is sexually active. A person’s sexual orientation does not tell us if she/he is sexually active or does it define her /his specific sexual behaviors. Similarly, sexual behavior alone does not define orientation. A personal awareness of having a sexual orientation that is not exclusively heterosexual is one way a person identifies herself or himself as an LGBT person. Or a person may have a sexual identity that differs from his or her biological sex—that is, a person may have been born a male but identifies and feels more comfortable as a female. Sexual orientation and gender identity are two independent variables in an individual’s definition of himself or herself. Sexual identity is the personal and unique way that a person perceives his or her own sexual desires and sexual expressions. Biological sex is the biological distinction between men and women. Gender is the concept of maleness and masculinity or femaleness and femininity. One’s gender identity is the sense of one’s self as male or female and does not refer to one’s sexual orientation or gender role. Sex refers to the biological characteristics of a person at birth, while gender relates to his or her perception of being male or female and is known as the gender role. Gender role refers to the behaviors and desires to act in certain ways that are viewed as masculine or feminine by a particular culture. A culture usually labels behaviors as masculine or feminine, but these behaviors are not necessarily a direct component of gender or gender identity. It is common in our culture to call the behaviors, styles, or interests shown by males that are usually associated with women â€Å"effeminate† and to call the boys who behave this way â€Å"sissies. Women or girls who have interests usually associated with men are labeled â€Å"masculine† or â€Å"butch,† and the girls are often called â€Å"tomboys. † Transsexuals are people with the biological characteristics of one sex who identify themselves as the opposite gender and have had some type of surgical alteration and/or hormone treatments that changes their bodies’ appearance in alignment with their identity. While understanding the various concepts used in sexual orientation in general, it is very imperative to define in specific details definition of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) accordingly. Lesbian which is originally a Greek word, is a term most widely used in the English language to describe sexual and romantic desire between females. The word may be used as a noun, to refer to women who identify themselves or who are characterized by others as having the primary attribute of female homosexuality, or as an adjective, to describe characteristics of an object or activity related to female same-sex desire. Lesbian as a concept, used to differentiate women with a shared sexual orientation, is a 20th-century construct. Gay is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward/between males. Gay is a word (a noun or an adjective) that primarily refers to a homosexual person. The word â€Å"gay† arrived in English during the 12th century from Old French gai, most likely deriving ultimately from a Germanic source. The term was originally used to refer to feelings of being â€Å"carefree†, â€Å"happy†, or â€Å"bright and showy†; it had also come to acquire some connotations of â€Å"immorality† as early as 1637. The term’s use as a reference to homosexuality may date as early as the late 19th century, but its use gradually increased in the 20th century. In modern English, gay has come to be used as an adjective, and as a noun, referring to the people, especially to men, and the practices and cultures associated with homosexuality. By the end of the 20th century, the word gay was recommended by major LGBT groups and style guides to describe people attracted to members of the same sex. Bisexuality is romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward males and females. The term is especially used in the context of human sexual attraction to denote romantic or sexual feelings toward men and women. It is one of the three main classifications of sexual orientation, along with a heterosexual and a homosexual orientation, all a part of the heterosexual–homosexual continuum. People who have a distinct but not exclusive sexual preference for one sex over the other may identify themselves as bisexual. Transgender is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies to vary from culturally conventional gender roles. Transgender is the state of one’s â€Å"gender identity (self-identification as woman, man, neither or both) not matching ones â€Å"assigned sex† (identification by others as male, female or intersex based on physical/genetic sex). †Transgender† does not imply any specific form of sexual orientation; transgender people may identify as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, pansexual, polysexual, or asexual; some may consider conventional sexual orientation labels inadequate or inapplicable to them. The precise definition for transgender remains in flux, but includes: â€Å"Of, relating to, or designating a person whose identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender roles, but combines or moves between these. † â€Å"People who were assigned a sex, usually at birth and based on their genitals, but who feel that this is a false or incomplete description of themselves. † â€Å"Non-identification with, or non-presentation as, the sex (and assumed gender) one was assigned at birth. A transgender individual may have characteristics that are normally associated with a particular gender, identify elsewhere on the traditional gender continuum, or exist outside of it as â€Å"other†, â€Å"agender†, â€Å"Genderqueer†, or â€Å"third gender†. Sexuality and gender have different impacts in each culture’s laws, attitudes, and organizations. More secular and â€Å"modernized† societies often h ave more favorable treatment of LGBT individuals than societies which value tradition and religious piety. However, accurate generalizations are difficult to make; even within Malaysia, attitudes towards LGBT individuals vary from person to person. Cultural differences in LGBT issues have wide-ranging effects. Other cultures may have different ways of expressing affection—for example, in India, it is common for same-sex friends to hold hands without any assumption of a romantic connection—or of categorizing gender and sexuality—for example, in parts of Latin America, a man is not considered gay if he engages in same-sex intercourse as the insertive artner. Thus, American English terms and conceptualizations of LGBT issues may not directly translate. The visibility of LGBT individuals and organizations varies by culture. Some cultures have an underground LGBT scene where LGBT individuals are tolerated as long as they remain mainly closeted, whereas other cultures may have a more open and organized community of LGBT individuals. In addition, some cultures may provide legal protection for LGBT individuals and recognize their partnerships, while other cultures may criminalize same-sex intercourse. Globally in some country; For example in Malaysia, Cross-dressing(Gender identity/expression) is not technically a crime. However, transgender individuals have often been arrested by police officers under the civil laws governing â€Å"public indecency†, and if they are Muslim, can be further charged by religious officers under Sharia Laws for â€Å"impersonating† women. For example, in 1998, Forty-five Muslim transvestites were charged and convicted in court for dressing as women, and twenty-three more transgender persons faced similar fines and imprisonment in 1999. Finally, there may be major differences within the LGBT community in a specific culture; for example, in parts of southeastern Asia it is considered culturally acceptable for a man to have sex with a feminine transgendered man, while there are no such provisions for women having sex with transgendered women. Homosexuality: The Christian Perspective (LESBIAN, GAY & Bisexuality) In a world of moral confusion and ethical compromise, the principles for which the Holy Bible stands, is directing the Christians in the right path to God and the way of life. The Christian point of view is based solely upon the Bible, the divinely inspired Word of God. A truly Christian standard of ethics is the conduct of divine revelation, not of statistical research or of public opinion. For the Christian, the Bible is the final authority for both belief and behaviour. The Explicitly the Bible teach about homosexuality can be considered as basic because, if we accept God’s Word on the subject of homosexuality, we benefit from His adequate answer to this problem as seen in Christianity. This project is concerned only with the Christian or biblical view of homosexuality. The Bible has much to say about sex sins in general for a view in Homosexuality in Christian perspective. First, there is adultery. Adultery in the natural sense is sexual intercourse of a married person with someone other than his or her own spouse. It is condemned in both the Old and New Testaments (Exodus 20:14; I Cor. 6:9, 10). Christ forbids dwelling upon the thoughts, the free play of one’s imagination that leads to adultery (Matthew 5:28). Second, there is fornication, the illicit sex acts of unmarried persons which is likewise forbidden (I Corinthians 5:1; 6:13, 18; Ephesians 5:3). Then there is homosexuality which likewise is condemned in Scripture. The Apostle Paul, writing by inspiration of the Holy Spirit, declares that homosexuality â€Å"shall not inherit the kingdom of God† (I Corinthians 6:9; 10). Now Paul does not single out the homosexual as a special offender. He includes fornicators, idolators, adulterers, thieves, covetous persons, drunkards, revilers and extortioners. And then he adds the comment that some of the Christians at Corinth had been delivered from these very practices: â€Å"And such were some of you: But ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the spirit of our God† (I Corinthians 6:11). All of the sins mentioned in this passage are condemned by God, but just as there was hope in Christ for the Corinthians, so is there hope for all of us. Homosexuality is an illicit lust forbidden by God. He said to His people Israel, â€Å"Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination† (Leviticus 18:22). If a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them† (Leviticus 20:13). In these passages homosexuality is condemned as a prime example of sin, a sexual perversion. The Christian can neither alter God’s viewpoint nor depart from it. In the Bible sodomy is a synonym for homosexuality. God spoke plainly on the matter when He said, â€Å"There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel† (Deuteronomy 23:17). The whore and the sodomite are in the same category. A sodomite was not an inhabitant of Sodom nor a descendant of an inhabitant of Sodom, but a man who had given himself to homosexuality, and the unnatural vice for which Sodom was known. Let us look at the passages in question: â€Å"But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the men of Sodom, compassed the house around, old and young, all the people from every quarter: And they called unto Lot, and said unto him, Where are the men hich came in to thee this night? Bring them out unto us, that we may know them. And Lot went out at the door unto them, and shut the door after him, And said, I pray you, brethren, do not so wickedly. Behold now, I have two daughters which have not known man; let me, I pray you, bring them out unto you, and do ye to them as is good in your eyes: only unto these men do nothing; for therefore came they under the shadow of my roof. (Genesis 19:4-8)† The Hebrew word for â€Å"know† in v erse 5 is yada`, a sexual term. It is used frequently to denote sexual intercourse (Genesis 4:1, 17, 25; Matthew 1:24, 25). The message in the context of Genesis 19 is clear. Lot pled with the men to â€Å"do not so wickedly. † Homosexuality is wickedness and must be recognized as such else there is no hope for the homosexual who is asking for help to be extricated from his sinful way of life. Romans 1:24-27; I Timothy 1:10 and Jude 7. If one takes these Scriptures seriously, homosexuality will be recognized as an evil. The Romans passage is unmistakably clear. Paul attributes the moral depravity of men and women to their rejection of â€Å"the truth of God† (1:25). They refused â€Å"to retain God in their knowledge† (1:28), thereby dethroning God and deifying themselves. The Old Testament had clearly condemned homosexuality but in Paul’s day there were those persons who rejected its teaching. Because of their rejection of God’s commands He punished their sin by delivering them over to it. The philosophy of substituting God’s Word with one’s own reasoning commenced with Satan. He introduced it at the outset of the human race by suggesting to Eve that she ignore God’s orders, assuring her that in so doing she would become like God with the power to discern good and evil (Genesis 3:1-5). That was Satan’s big lie. Paul said that when any person rejects God’s truth, his mind becomes â€Å"reprobate,† meaning void of sound judgment. The reprobate mind, having rejected God’s truth, is not capable of discerning good and evil. In Romans 1:26-31 twenty-three punishable sins are listed with homosexuality leading the list. Paul wrote, â€Å"For this cause God gave them up into vile affections: for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature: And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompense of their error which was meet. † (Romans 1:26, 27). These verses are telling us that homosexuals suffer in their body and personality the inevitable consequences of their wrong doing. Notice that the behaviour of the homosexual is described as a â€Å"vile affection† (1:26). The Greek word translated â€Å"vile† (atimia) means filthy, dirty, evil, and dishonourable. The word â€Å"affection† in Greek is pathos, used by the Greeks of either a good or bad desire. Here in the context of Romans it is used in a bad sense. The â€Å"vile affection† is a degrading passion, a shameful lust. Both the desire (lusting after) and the act of homosexuality are condemned in the Bible as sin.

Nayaka Is the Honarary Title of Boyar / Valmiki / Bedar People in India

Boyar=Mudiraj=Nayakar=Nayak=Naidu=Boya=Bhill=Valmiki=Rajput=Panwar =Talari=Besta=Bedar=Koli=Kirat=Ahir=Mahar=Muthuraja=Rajus=Koya=Bhoja= Bhoi=Gangawar=Gangaputra=Dorabidda=Pandu=Oddar=Vedar=Vettuvar= Vettaikarar=Patel=Pawar=Chola=Pandiya=Chera=Pallava=Dev=kannadiya nayakan=nayakkan=Panwar=Palayakarar=palegar=Kajal=Balija=Kample=Vettuva Gounder=Kannadia Okkaliga Gowder=Gawara=Chouhan=Parihar=Chalukkya= Kahar=Kohli=Bhil=Aryar [pic]Sri Valmiki Sage, Author of Ramayanam The above are same casteThe Nayak is honorary and hereditary title of the Boya Caste People in India, the word boya spelled in few types, those were Boyar,Boyer,Bhoya,Bhoyar,Bhoi,Boir and Bhoirs and they alias as Bedar, The Bedar means the hunters of mountaineers, so the mountaineers of boya people hold the hereditary title of Nayak. Madakari Nayaka or Madakari Nayaka V was the last ruler of Chitradurga, India. (Chitaldrug (‘ Spotted castle,' or ‘Umbrella rock'). — Chief town of the District of Chitaldr ug, Mysore State; 126 miles north-west of Bangalore. Lat. 14 14†² n. , long. 76 26†² e.Population (188 1) 4271. The modern town stands at the north-east base of a cluster of hills, covered with extensive fortifications. Many inscriptions have been found of the Chalukya, Ballala, and Vijayanagar dynasties. Local history commences with the family of the Chitaldrug palegdrs, who trace back to the 15th century. Their hereditary title was Nayak, and they claimed descent from the Bedar or Boya caste of hunters and mountaineers. They gradually extended their power on ail sides until they came into collision with Haidar Ali, who captured Chitaldrug in 1779. [pic]Chitradurga Fort   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [pic]Madakari Nayaka Naik:— The word Naik (Nayaka, a leader or chief) is used, by the older writers on Southern India, in several senses. 1. The Native captain or headman. 2. A title of honour among Hindus in the Deccan. 3. The general name of the kings of Vijayanagara, and of the Lords of Madura and other places. 4 Naidu or Nayudu is a title of caste in India, returned at times of census by many Telugu classes, of Balija, Bestha, Boya, Ekari, Gavara, Golla, Kalingi, Kapu, Mutracha, and Velama.In Tamil Nadu, A Tamilian, when speaking of a Telugu person bearing this title, would call him Naicker or Naickan instead of Naidu. 5 The Telugu people in Tamilnadu and other regions are Balija, Boya, Ekari, Golla, Kavarai, Muttiriyan, Odde, Tottiyan, and Uppiliyan. 6 Bhoyar, Kawara (Gavara) and Kohrya come from Kohli. 7 The Kolis were found all over the Ahamadnagar district in Maharastra State in India and in the greatest numbers in the hilly sub-division of Akola. [The generally received explanation of the word Koli is clansmen from kul a clan as opposed to Kunbi the family man from kutumb a family.The mythic Brahmanic origin of the Kolis is that they are the same as the Kirats of the Purans, who are said to b e descendants of Nishadh who was born from the arm of Ven, a king of the Sun race. The Kolis claim as their mythic founder Valmiki the author of the Ramayan. Mackintosh in Trans. Bom. Geog. Soc. I, 201-202. ] Nagar Kolis belong to three classes: Panbharis or Malharis, Dhors and Mahadevs. 8 The titles of Boyar are said to be Naidu or Nayudu, Naik, Dora, Dorabidda (children of chieftains), and Valmiki. 9 The word Boya will be indicating the Rajput and the clan of Chieftain.Clan of Raja or King Boyars in Maharastra Bhoi — a common term used as the designation of various classes vogue are engaged in boating, fishing, palanquin bearing and as domestic servants. In the Hyderabad Territory it includes several castes, such a* the Bestas and Gunlodus of Telingana, the Machinde and Maratha, Bhois of Marathawada, the Bhanare and Bendor of the Adilabad District, the Gangamasalu of the Carnatic and the Kahars, who are immigrants from Northern India. The etymology of the word ‘Bhoi' is uncertain.It is supposed to be a Telugu word, derived from ‘ Boya,' the name of an aboriginal tribe  ; but the derivation appears to be fictitious and has probably been suggested by the similarity of the names ‘Boya' and ‘Bhoi. ‘ No traditions are current regarding the origin of these people. The Hindu legislators differentiate the Bhoi (pattstika or bearers) from the Dhivar Kolis (kaivartaka or fishermen), the former being the offspring of a Brahman father and a Nishad mother, while the latter are descended from a Parasava father and an Ayogava mother.At the present day, however, the name ‘ Bhoi ‘ is used to denote all classes v/ho follow either profession. The Bhoi castes enumerated above differ widely from one an other in physical character and habits. The Telugu Bhois comprise two sub-castes, Besta and Gunlodu, who eat together but do not intermarry. They appear to have originally sprung from the same common stock, but have subsequently b ecome broken up into endogamous divisions by cause of their long profession of different tracts of earth. Bhoi — BestasThe Origin of Bestas, also called Parkitiwaru, are â€Å"mostly to be found in the Telugu Districts adjoining the Madras Presidency. The origin of their name is obscure. Some derive it from the Persian â€Å"Behishti,† but this derivation seems to be fanciful. The Bestas claim to be descended from Suti, the great expounder of the Mahabharata. Another legend traces their descent to Santan, the father of Bhisma by Ganga. These traditions, of course, throw no light upon the origin of the sub-caste. Their physical characteristics tend to mark them as Dravidians.Marriage — The Bestas profess to belong to, one gotra, Achantra^a, which is obviously inoperative in the regulation of their matrimonial alliances. Their marriages are governed by a system of exogamy consisting of family names. The following are some of the typical surnames of the caste  : — 1. Kattewadu (stick). 2. Nasuwadu. 3. Mamliwada (mango). 4. Shebelawadu. 5. Gantawadu (bell). 6. Badawadu. 7. Gundodu (ball). 8. Allewadu. 9. Pusawadu (beads). 10. GurebomoUu. 11. Chintawadu (tamarind). 12. Pamparollu. 13. Duntiwadu (pile). 14. Vemolollu. The exogamous sections are modeled on those of the other Telugu castes.The Bestas prohibit a man to marry a woman of his own section. No other section is a bar to marriage, provided he does not wed his aunt, his niece, or any of his first cousins except the daughter of his maternal uncle. A man may marry two sisters, or two brothers may many two sisters, the elder marrying the elder sister and the younger marrying the younger. Outsiders are not admitted into the caste. Besta girls are married before they have attamed the age of puberty  ; but sometimes, owing to the poverty of her parents, a girl's marriage is delayed till after the age of puberty.Girls are not devoted to temples, or married to deities. Should a girl tu rn out to be pregnant before marriage, her fault is condoned by her marriage with her lover, a fine being compulsory upon her parents by the caste Panchasat. Sexual indiscretion with an outsider is punished by expulsion from the caste. Conjugal relations commence even before rfie girl attains puberty, provided a special ceremony is performed on the occasion. A Besta girl on attaining teens is ceremonially unclean for five days.Polygamy is recognised theoretically to any limit, but is practically confined to two wives. The wedding ceremony is of the accepted type and closely corresponds to that in vogue among other Telugu castes of the same social standing. It takes place at the girl's house, under a booth made of eleven posts. The central post, muhurta medha, consists of a gukr branch (Ficus indicus) and is topped with a lamp which remains burning throughout the ceremony. The marriage procession is made on horseback. † A Brahman is employed as priest to conduct the wedding ser vice.Kanddn, or the formal gift of the bride, by her parents, to the bridegroom, is deemed to be the essential portion of the ceremony. † In the flaghali, which is celebrated on the fourth day after the wedding, the bridegroom, with a net in his hand, and the bride, with a bamboo basket, walk five times, round the polu. The panpu which follows is very interesting as, therein, the young couple are made to enact a pantomimic drama of married life. The final ceremonial is Wadihiyam, by which the bride is sent to her husband's house. The bride-price, varying in amount from Rs. to Rs. 12, is paid to the girl's parents. The Widow Marriage & Divorce — Widow marriage (Mar-mamu) is in vogue. The widow is not restricted in her choice of a second husband, save that she is not allowed to get married her late husband's younger or elder brother, nor any one who belongs to her husband's or her father's section. The sons of a widow are admitted to all the privileges enjoyed by the sons of a virgin wife. The ceremony is performed on a dark night, the widow bride being previously presented with a sari and choli and a sum of Rs.I ‘/4 for the purchase of bangles. A woman may be divorced on the ground of unchastity, the divorce being effected by the expulsion of the woman from the house, a little salt having been previously tied in her apron and the end of her garment having been removed from off her head. A separated woman is allowed to marry again by the same rite as a widow, on condition, however, that her second husband refunds to her first husband, half the expenses of her marriage as a spinster. The Inheritance — The Bestas follow the'Hindu law of inheritcjice.A sister's son, if made a son-in-law, is entitled to inherit his father- in-law's property, provided the latter dies without issue and the former performs his funeral obsequies. It is said that the eldest son gets an extra share, or jethanga, consisting of one bullock and Rs. 25. Religion. â⠂¬â€ The religion of the Bestas is a mixture of animism and orthodox Hinduism. They are divided, like other lower Telugu castes, between Vibhutidharis or Saivas, who follow the tenets of Aradhi Brahmans, and Tirraanidharis or Vaishanavas, who acknow- ledge Ayyawars as their gurus.Their tutelary deity is Veankatram alias Venkateshwara, worshipped every Saturday with contributions of sweetmeats and flowers, but the favourite and characteristic deity of the Bestas is Ganga, or the river goddess, worshipped by the whole caste, men, women and children, in the month of Ashada (July- August), when the rivers and streams are fleshed. The puja is done on the evening of the Thursday or Monday consequent to the full of the monsoons. The elders of the caste officiate as priests. They observe a fast during the day, and at about five in the evening resort to a place on the bank of a river at some distance from the village.A piece of ground is smeared over with cow-dung and four, devices represen ting, respectively, a crocodile, a fish, a tortoise and a female figure of Mari Mata (the goddess presiding over cholera), are drawn upon the ground over which sand has previously been strewn. These devices are professedly covered with flowers, kunkumam, turmeric powder and powdered limestone. In front of the figure of Mari Mata is placed a large bamboo tray, containing a square pan made of wheaten flour and a turmeric effigy of Gouramma.The flour pan is filled with six pounds of ghi, in which are lighted five lamps, one in the centre and one at each of the four corners. In front of Gouramma, and in the pan, are placed six bangles, a piece of cocoanut, a bodice, four annas, some areca nuts, betel-leaves, catechu and chunam(white cement). The bamboo plate is then rested on a wooden frame made of four pieces of pmgra wood (Erihrim indica), each two feet in length, and furnished with handles of split bamboo. After the worship is over, the priests, and as rnany of tKe male members as ar e able to touch the bamboo tray, lift it with the wooden frame and carry the . hole into the flooded river, plungmg into the water sometimes neck deep. After shendi (the fermented juice of the wild date palm) has been sprinkled on all sides, the bamboo tray is thrown into the flood to be floated away by the current. After the distribution of Prasad the multitude disperse. Women are not allowed to touch the goddess. At the Dassera festival the Bestas worship their nets, which they always regard with extreme reverence. When epidemics â€Å"pf cholera and smallpox break out, the Bestas make animal offerings to t^e Mari M4ta or Pochamma.Brahmans are employed for the worship of the great gods of the Hindu pantheon. Removal of the Dead — The Bestas bum their dead, with the head point to the south, but persons dying before marriage are buried. Women dying during childbirth are burned. The ashes are collected on the third day after cremation and thrown into the nearest stream. Marri ed agnates are mourned for eleven days  : the unmarried for five days only. Relations are fed on the 11th day after death. On the Mahalaya day, rice, gee and some money are offered to a Brahman in the name of the deceased ancestor.Ayyawars, in the event of the deceased being a Tirmani- dhari, and Jangams, should he be a Vibhutidhari, attend the funeral ceremonies. Societal Status — Socially, the Bestas rank above the Dhobi, Hajam, Waddar, Yerkala and lower unclean classes. Their social status is equal to that of the Mutrasis. They do not eat food cooked by a Jingar or a Panchadayi but will do so from the hands of the Mutrasi, Golla, Kapu Kurma and other castes of equal social to be standing. As far as their diet is concerned, they eat fowl, fish, mutton and the flesh of the crocodile, tortoise and lizard, but abstain from pork.They indulge freelj- in fermented and distilled liquors. They do not eat the leavings of other castes. Profession — The, original occupation o f the caste is fishing and palanquin bearing, but many of the members are engaged as domestic servants in Muhammadan and Hindu houses. A curious custom that prevails among them is that, when employed as palanquin bearers, they have their food cooked in one pfitce, sharing equally the expenditure incurred thereon  : at the time of meals the cooked food must be divided into exactly equal portions among the members, no matter what, their ages may be.Some of the Bestas have of late years taken to cultivation as 2 means of livelihood. Bhoi — Gunlodu The Gunlodu, also called Nilbandhu, or the dwellers on the river bank, are regularly originate in parts of the country where great rivers abound. Thus, they are found in the Nizamabad, Adilabad and Karimnagar Districts. They eat with the Bestas but do not intermarry with them, their exogamous sections are as follows  : — The Origin — The Nilbandhus give a singular account of their origin. The story runs thus: — There was one Narumani, who had a son by his mistress. traight away on his birth the boy was exposed, by his mother, on the seashore and when full grown was disowned by his father, but commanded to subsist by fishing in the sea  : since his profession bound him to the sea-shore, his descendants have been designated ‘ Nil-bandhus ‘ (nee/, water, and bhandu, bank), or those who live on river banks. The legend suggests that the Nilbandhus may be unlawful descendants of the Bestas, the great Telugu fishing caste. Their customs and usages are the same as those of the Bestas and need no separate description. 1.Maikalwaru 2. Chatarivaru 3. Tokalawaru 4. Budhawaru 5. Kondalawaru 6. Shavalawaru 7. Palikandawaru 8. Raghupatiwaru 9. Sitaralawaru 10. Dawalhawaru 11. Gamalawaru 12. Padigallawaru 13. Tupurwaru 14. Kalampalliwaru & 15. Maratha Bhois The Origin of the Maratha Bhois, as their name denotes, constitute the numerous members of the fishing caste of the Marathawada country , wliich includes all the Districts of the Aurangabad Subah and the Bidar and Usmanabad Districts of the Gulbarga Subah. In physical features and customs they differ markedly from the Telugu Bhois.They are divided into two endogamous groups — the Maratha proper and the Machinde — who eat together but do not intermarry. The Mciratha proper may be an off-shoot from the Maratha Kunbis, whom they closely resemble and from whom they are probably separated by having taken to the degraded occupation of fishing and litter bearing. Tiie Machinde Bhois claim to be descended from Machindranath, the chief disciple of Gorakhnath, the famous founder of the sect of Kanphate Jogis. This, however, gives no clue to the real origin of the sub-caste.Internal , Structure — The Maratha Bhois have a number of exogamous sections, consisting of family surnames, many of which are common to this caste and the Maratha Kunbis. The following are some of the commonest of them  : — 1. Adane 2. Lonare 3. Tamkhane 4. Landage 5. Nemade 6. Khandgale 7. Dake 8. Wankhile 9. Hirawe 10. Jirange 11. Kesapure 12. Jamdade 13. Kajale (Balija/Kajal) 14. Pabale 15. Bhujange 16. Kambale (Raja Kampalam / Hampi / Thotti Nayakar) 17. Surdushe 18. Satode 19. Bavne 20. Gavande (Tamil – Vettuva Gounder/ Kannadia   – Okkaliga gounder) 21. Bhadaskal 22. Ghone & 23. GhatmalThe Marriage — Marriages within the surname are banned. A man cannot marry the daughter of his maternal aunt or of his sister, though he may marry that of his irrational uncle. He rarely marries his paternal aunt's daughter, although such marriages are not prohibited by any tribal usage. Two sisters may be married to the same husband, or to two brothers, prejudged the elder sister is married to the elder brother and the younger sister to the younger. The Maratha Bhois marry their daughters Doth as infants, and as adults between the ages of' eight and twenty, and their sons between twelve and tw enty-five.Sexual intercourse before marriage is tolerated, but a girl taken in adultery is punished with a small fine. If she becomes pregnant before marriage her paramour is called upon to marry her, but in case he declines, she loses caste. Polygamy is permitted. In theory, there is no limit to the number of wives a man may have and it is not uncommon to find a man having more than one wife. The father of the boy, as a rule, takes the initiative towards the settlement of a marriage. At the betrothal, or ^nhu laoane, the girl is presented with a sari and the caste panch receiye, by right, Rs. from the boy's father for k^usali or drinking. ^ The DeOak, or marriage deity, is represented by twigs of the mango, saundad {Prosopis spicigera) and apta (Bauhinia racemosa), which are tied, with an axe and a wooden pestle, to the milk post (muhurta medha) of the marriage booth. Previous to the marriage, Virs (ancestral spirits) and the goddess Bhavani of Tuljapur are propitiated by the sacri fice of a goat. The marriage procession is usually made on horseback, but occasionally on a bullock.Pamgrahana, or the gift of the bride to the bridegroom, forms the essential portion of the ceremony. In other respects it resembles that of the Maratha caste. A widow may marry again. Separation is permitted on the land of the wife's adultery, or if the couple cannot live in harmony. The Religion. — The Family worship is in full force and the souls of the departed are propitiated every Saturday by the elderly member of the family  ; the souls of adults are called Virs, those of children Munjas and of females Manvi. On the wedding day goats are sacrificed in honour of these spirits.The members of the caste are very scrupulous in the worship of these spirits, for it is firmly believed that if they neglect this worship they will never live in peace and happiness. Muhammadan pirs are also duly honored with animal sacrifices. Brahmans are employed for religious and ceremonial purp oses. The dead are burned, but occasionally buried. Mourning is observed for 9 days, and on the 10th day Sradha is performed and the caste people are feasted. Sradha is also celebrated on the Pitra Amawas)a day and on the Ashatriti)a day.Machinde Bhois General Description — The Machinde Bhois are mostly fishermen, but are also engaged as palanquin bearers and domestic servants. The females soak and parch grain. The members of the caste use donkeys for carrying burdens and are hence looked down upon by the Telugu Bhois. The Maratha and Machinde Bois occupy the savie social rank among the Maratha castes as the Telugu Bhois do between the Telugu caste. They eat the flesh of fowl and sheep and drink spirituous and fermented liquors, but abstain from beef and pork.The Manne'ss and Customs — In the Adilabad District, especially in the Talukas of Jangaon, Rajura and Shirpur, Marathi-speaking Bhois are found, but these are entirely distinct in their manners and civilization fr om the Maratha Bhois of the Marathawada Districts. It appears that the former are the descendants of those Bhois who came with the Maratha conquerors, settled with them in the Berar and Nagpur provinces and subsequently immigrated to the neighbouring territory in H. H. tfjpe Nizam's Dominions. They are divided into two sub-castes, Bendore and Bhanare, who are said to eat with each other but not intermarry.These are broken into exogamous sections, which consist of family names resembling those of the local Maratha Kunbis. A man cannot marry a woman of his own section. He may marry the daughter of his mother's brother or his father's sister and two sisters may marry the same man, provided the elder is married first. Both infant and adult marriages are practiced by the caste. Sexual inter-course before marriage is tolerated, but punished with a small fine. If, however, the girl becomes pregnant before marriage, she is required to disclose the name of her seducer, who is forced to marry her by the caste council.Polygamy is allowed. The Marriage. — The marriage ceremony takes place towards sun- down, at the bridegroom's house, to which the girl is escorted in procession on horseback by her people. Under the marriage booth is a circular platform built of earth with a post of salai (Bostcellia thmijera) planted ^jn the centre. This central post is surrounded by earthen vessels, and the bride-groom facing the east and the bride facing ,the west, with the post in their middle, are wedded by a Brahman priest. A man of the washerman caste provides threads for marriage bracelets, which are tied by the bridal pair on each other's wrists.On the third day, the bridegroom dressed in the bride's clothes and the bride in the bridegroom's are paraded in march, after which they are mounted on the backs of their respective maternal uncles, who dance to the accompaniment of drums and go five times round the earthen platform. The ‘ bride-price ‘ to the amount of R s. 5, is paid to the girl's father. Re-marriage of widows is permitted and celebrated on a dark night of any month. Women are divorced and are subsequently allowed to marry again by the same rite ^s widows.The Religion and Funerals — Khudbhan, the favor deity of the caste, is worshipped every day. The other deities honored are the god Mahadeva of the Hindu pantheon and the animistic deity Pochamma, who presides over smallpox. The spirits of ancestors are also propitiated. The dead are either burnt or buried. When a person is on the point of death, ambil, or gruel, is poured into his mouth. Mourning is observed for 5 days. No Sradha ceremony is celebrated, but an image of the deceased is embossed on a meta plate and installed in the god's room.The societal Status and Occupation — Their social position may be determined by the fact that they will eat from the hands of the Kunbis, Malis, Dhangars and Kumbhars, while the Kunbis will recognize water only, but nothing else, from a member of the caste. The members of the caste eat the flesh of goats, sheep, fowls, hares, deer, scaly and scaleless fish and great lizards and drink spirits. Their hereditary occupation is fishing, palanquin bearing and working as domestic servants. Some of them have taken to cultivation. They have a caste Panchayat to which social disputes are referred. 10] Boyars in South India The Karnataka Boyars are said to be beda/valmiki and they belongs surya vamsi (solar race)in India,from whom sprang the following seven great clans of Bedars, bearing the names of their progenitors  : — 1. Nishadas, who hunted tigers, bears and wild boars and ate the flesh of buffaloes. 2. Sheras, who made a living by selling jungle roots, fruit and sandalwood {Sanialum album). 3. Kavangriyaris, who wore long hair and had their ear-lobes bored with large holes. They subsisted on the sale of bidla {Pterocarpus marsupium) and oyster shells. 4.Salikas, who were employed as day laborers in digg ing wells and tanks. 5. Ksharakaris, who made lime and salt. 6. Ansaris, who were fishermen and worked also as ferrymen. 7. Sheshatardharis, who were hunters and fowlers. All these seven clans were distinguished by their respective gotra names or badged — 1. Gojaldaru or Gujjar. 2. Gosalru or Gurral. 3. Bhadmandalkaru. 4. Saranga Gunda Bahsarandlu or Sarang Gauda. 5. Tayarasamantaru or Tair Samant. 6. Pingal Rangamanya. 7. Rajadhiraj (Maharaja). This elaborate organisation appears to be traditional and to have no bearing upon the present social division of the tribe.The Early History — The Bedars were a Southern India tribe and came into the Decan under their leader Kalappa Naik early in the sixteenth century. They first settled at Adhoni and Dambala, situated in the Raichur Duab, which was then a bone of contention between Krishna Raylu, the king of Vijayanagaram, and Ismail Adil Shah, the Sultan of Bijapur. The Bedars, taking benefit of the disturbed times, raided an d plundered the country far and wide, so that, for the time being, they were tine terror of the surrounding districts. Partly by colonization and partly by conquest, they gradually extended their territories until, under Pam.Nayak 1. (1674-1695), they founded a State, and fixed their capital at Vakinagir, two miles west of Shorapur. Pam Naik was the bravest of the dynasty and helped Sikandar Adil Shah, the last of the Bijapur Sultans, in subduing his rebel nobles and in his wars with the Generals of Aurangzeb. The Sultan, in gratitude, granted him a magnificent jagir and conferred upon him all the insignia of royalty with the titles † Gajag Bahirand Gaddi Bahari Bahadur. † Pam Naik styled himself Raja, a title which has since descended to his successors.He organized the State, dividing it into provinces, over which he appointed Subedars. He was also a great builder, and raised new forts, constructed roads and tanks, and built stately temples. It was in his time that the kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda were subdued by Aurangzeb. In his successor, Pid Naik Bahari (1695-1725 A. D. ), the power of the Bedars had reached its zenith. He strongly resisted the power of Aurangzeb, and defeated the Imperial forces in pitched battles. At last the Emperor took the field in person and besieged the Bedar strong-hold of Vakingira.The fort made a galant stand, but was reduced ultimately by Zulfikarkhan, the best of Aurangzeb's Generals. It was, however, retaken by the Bedars immediately on the departure of Aurangzeb. Pid Naik removed the seat of government from Vakingira to Shorapur, which he founded on a hill. He introduced many reforms and ruled the State in greater splendour than any of his predecessors. After a glorious reign of 31 years he died in 1726 A. D. The later history of the Shorapur Rajas is blended with that of the Nizams of Hyderabad, whom they acknowledged as their suzerain lords, paying an annual tribute of 1,45,000 rupees.Though brave, they wer e not able rulers and were not infrequently involved in the wars of the Nizams with the Marathas and other contemporary powers. The decline of the State had already commenced and was hastened by internal dissensions, mal-administration and reckless extravagance, until, after a brief revival under the administration of Colonel Meadows Taylor, it was confiscated out account of the rebellion of the Raja ‘-Venkatappa Naik against the British Government (1858), and ceded to H. H. the Nizam in 1860 A. D. The Internal Structure,— The in-house structure of the Bedars is very intricate.This is due, partly to the large area over which they are scattered, and partly to the different social levels that have been formed among them. Thus at the highest level are the Rajas and rich landholders who have, in every respect, understood the style of higher Hindu castes, while the lowest level is occupied by the bulk of the people who adhere to their aboriginal customs and usages and have f ew scruples in diet — eating beef, as well as cat and other in clean animals. The following endogamous groups are found among them  : — 1. badar or Naikulu (Valmika) Bedars. . Tanged Bedars. 3. Mangala Bedars. 4. Chakla Bedars. 5. Neech Bedars. 6. Basavi Bedars. 7. Ramoshi Bedars. 8. Jas Bedars. 9. Bedars (proper). Of these, the Naikulu sub-tribe, called also Naikulu Maklus, claim the highest rank and decline to hold any spiritual union either of food or of matrimony with the other sub-tribes. To this sub-tribe the Bedar Rajas of Shorapur and other principalities belong. The Mangala Bedars are barbers and the Chakla Bedars washermen to the Bedar tribes and have, in effect of their occupation, formed separate groups.Neech Bedars are known to abstain from eating fowl or drinking shendi, the fermented sap of the wild date palm. They do not touch the shendi tree, nor sit on a mat made of its leaves. Basavi Bedars are the progeny of Basavis, or Bedar girls dedicated to th e gods and brought up, subsequently, as prostitutes. They form a separate community comprising (1) children of unions, by regular marriage, between the sons and daughters of Basavis, (2) the children of Basatis themselves. ‘ While among other Bedar tribes Basavis are made in pursuance of vows otAncient family customs, among Basavi Bedars there is a rule under which each family is said to be bound to offer up one of its girls to this gods as Basavi. The daughters of Basaois, for whom husbands cannot be procured in their community, are wedded to swords or idols. On an auspicious day, the girl to be dedicated is taken, m procession, to the temple, bearing on her head a lighted lamp. After she has been made to hang a garland round the sword or the idol, a tali (mangalsutra) is tied round her neck and her marriage with the sword or the idol is complete.She is, thenceforward, allowed to consort with any man provided that he is not of a lower caste },han herself. A Basaoi girl is ent itled to share, equally with her brothers, the property of her father or mother. The euphemistic n,-me Basavi originally denoted girls who were dedicated to Ba^vanna, the deified founder of the Lingayit sect, but the title is, at the present day, borne by a girl dedicated to any god. The Ramoshi Bedars are found in large numbers in the Marathawada districts. They are, no doubt, a branch of Bedars who appear to have migrated to the Maratha country after their settlement in the Carnatic.This view is supported by a tradition which states that they came into Maharashtra under the five sons of Kalappa Naik. In their features and customs, but especially in their predatory tendencies, they have preserved the characteristics of their race. They . regard, with pride, the Raja of Shorapur as the head of their clan. Like their brethren in the Carnatic, they were highly valued for their military qualities, filled the armies of Shivaji and his successors, and distinguished themselves as brave so ldiers.During the last century they gave a good deal of trouble to British officers, but they have now settled down as industrious cultivators. Their social status among the Maratha castes is very low, for even their touch is regarded as unclean by the respectable classes. They appear to have broken off all connection with the Carnatic Bedars and form at present an independent group. They talk Marathi in their houses. The word ‘ Ramoshi ‘ is a local name and is supposed to be a corruption of Rama-vanshis â€Å"descendants of Rama† or of Ranwashis, meaning dwellers of foists. Bedars (proper) occupy the lowest † level among the tribe. They cling to their aboriginal usages, eating beef and canion and worshipping animistic deities. They carry Margamma Devi on their heads in a box, and subsist begging alms in her name. The Boyas, as the Bedars are designated in Telingana, are divided into (1) Sadar Boya and (2) Boya, corresponding to the Sadar Bedars and the Beda rs of the Carnatic. It is also said that they have only two main divisions (1) Nyas Byadrus, (2) Gugaru Byadrus, the members of which neither eat together nor intermarry.The Bedars are said to be divided into 101 exogamous sections, numbers of which are of the optimistic type, although the totems do not . appear to be respected. Marriage in one's own section is strictly forbidden, The marriage o4 two sisters to the same husband is permitted, provided the elder is carried first. Two brothers may marry two sisters and a man may marry the daughter of his elder sister. A member of a higher caste may gain admission into the Bedar community by paying a fine to the tribal Panchdat and by providing a feast for the members of the community.On the occasion, the proselyte is required to eat with them and next to have a betel nut cut on the tip of his tongue. After the meals he is required to remove all the plates. The Marriage — The Bedars get married their daughters either as infants, or after they have attained the age of puberty. Sexual indiscretions before marriage are tolerated and are condoned only by a slight punishment. Should a girl become pregnant before marriage her seducer is compelled to marry her. Cohabitation is permitted, even though the girl has not attained sexual maturity.Polygamy is recognized and a man may marry as many wives as his means allow him to maintain. The marriage ceremony of the Bedars comprises rituals which be in contact closely with those in use among other local castes. A suitable girl having been selected, and preliminary arrangements and ceremonies concluded, a marriage pandal of five pillars of shevri {Seshania ebgptiacd) is erected in the court-yard of the bridegroom's house. On the arrival of the bride at the bridegroom's house the bridal pair are seated on a platform, built, under the wedding bower, with ant-hill earth, and are rubbed over with turmeric pasted five married females.Previous to the wedding, four earthen vess els, filled with water, are set at the comers of a square space prepared outside the booth, and are connected with a cotton thread. A fifth vessel, also filled with water, is kept in the centre of the square, and covered with a burning lamp. The bridal pair, with their sisters, are seated opposite to this lamp, and made to undergo ceremonial ablution. Dressed in new wedding garments, with their brows adorned with bashing , and the ends of their clothes knotted together, he bride and bride-groom are led immediately to a seat under the booth and are wedded by Brahmans who hold an antipode (a silk curtain) between the pair, pronounce benedictory mantras and shower rice and grain over their heads. Mangalsutra, or the lucky bead necklace, is hanied round to be touched by the whole assembly, and tied, in the presence of the caste Panchayat, by the bridegroom round the bride's neck. The couple are then led round, making obeisance first to the gods, then to the Panchas and lastly to the eld erly relatives.The ceremony next in importance, and purely of a Kulachar character, is Bhrnnd, celebrated on the 3rd day after the wedding. A conical heap ei cooked rice, crested with twenty wheat cakes and a quantity of vegetables, is deposited on a piece of white cloth under the wedding pandal. Before this sacred heap, frankincense is burnt and offerings of eleven betel -leaves and nuts and eleven copper coins are made. After two handfuls of this food have been handed to the bridal pair, eleven married couples mix the food with sugar and ghee and eat it.After the meal is over, five of them touch, with their hands soiled with food, the bodies of the wedded pair who, thereupon, are required to cast away the lumps of food they held in their hands. The celebration of the Dandya ritual on the 4th day, and the bestowal of a feast to the relatives and friends, bring the nuptial proceedings to a close. It is said that Bedars abstain from drink during the four days of the marriage ceremony . Except among respectable families, a Bedar widow is allowed to marry again, but not the brother of her deceased husband.She may, however, re-marfy the husband of her elder sister. The price for a widfiw is Rs. 12 and is generally paid to her parents. The ceremony is of a, simple character. At night the parties repair to nanuman's temple, where the bride is presented with a new white sari, a choli (bodice) and some bangles. After the widow has put on these, her proposed husband ties pusti (a bead necklace) about her neck. The assembly then return to the bridegroom's house. Next day a feast is given to the members of the tribe in honour of the event. Divorce — Divorce is recognized by those who allow their widows to re-marry.A divorced woman can claim alimony from the husband if it be the latter's fault that led to the divorce. If a woman goes wrong with a man of a lower caste she is turned out of her community. Liaison with a man of a higher caste is tolerated, and condoned only by a small fine. Divorced women are permitted to marry again by the same rite as widows. Inheritance. — In matters of inheritance, the Bedars follow the Hindu law. The usage of ChudaWand obtains between them. Under this usage the property is divided equally among wives, provided they have sons. A Basavi girl (dedicated to the gods) shares equally with her brothers.Religion — In point of religion, the Bedars are divided into Vaishanavas and Saivas. The Vaishnavas worship Vishnu and his incarnations of Rama and Shri Vyankatesh. The Shivas pay homage to the god Siva and generally abstain from all work on Mondays, in honour of the deity. Some of the Bedars follow the tenets of Lingayitism, do reverence to Basava in the form of a bull, and employ jangams as their priests. The favorite deity with Basavi Bedars is Shri Krishna, in whose honour a great festival is held on the Janmashtami day (the 8th of the light half of Shravana). xcept the special deities of the tribe a re Hanuman and Ellama, worshipped on Saturday, when the Bedars abstain from flesh. Their principal festivals are Dassera in Aswin (October- November) and Basant Panchmi in Magh (February-March), which are celebrated with great pomp and ceremony. Pochamma (the smallpox deity), Mariamma (the goddess presiding over cholera), Maisamma, Balamma, Nagamwia (the serpent* goddess) and a host of minor gods and spirits are also appeased with offerings of' animals. The worship of departed souls is said to prevail among the tribe.Child Birth A woman, after child-birth, is unclean for five days. As soon as the child is born, its umbilical cord is cut by the mid- wife, and buried underground on the 3rd day after birth. Brahmans are employed for religious and ceremonial purposes. Disposal of the Dead — The Vaishanava Bedars burn their dead in a lying posture, while the Saivas bury them in a sitting posture with the face turned towards the east. Members of respectable families perform Srddha on the 12th and 13th days, and generally conform to the funeral rites in vogue among the Brahmins.Social Status — The social status of the Bedars is not easy to define. The huge Zamindars and Rajas occupy an† eminent position in the caste and are looked upon with respect, while even the touch of the Ramoshi Bedars is regarded as unclean. Village wells are open to them for water and temples are open to them for worship. Concerning their diet they have few scruples — eating beef, pork, fowl, jackals, rats, lizards, wild cats, in short all animals except snakes, dogs and kites. They eat carrion and indulge freely' in spirituous and fermented liquors.They do not eat the leavings of any caste. Occupation. — The Bedars believe their original occupation to be hunting and military service. Peaceful times and the introduction of game laws have compelled them to take to agriculture. They are also employed as village watchmen and messengers and discharge their duties faithfully. As agriculturists, a few have risen to the position of great land-lords and jdgirdars. The bulk are either occupancy and non-occupancy riots or landless day-laborers. Panchayat — The Bedars have a strong tribal Panchdyat known as Kattd.The head of the Panchayat is called Kattimani and has authority both in religious and social matters. All social, religious and ceremonial points and disputes are referred to this body for decision, and judgments passed by it are irrevocable and enforced on pain of loss of caste. A woman accused of adultery, or of eating food from a member of an inferior caste, is expelled from the community arfd is restored only on her head being shaved and the rap of her tongue branded with a live coal of the mi plant. [11]The Nayak Peoples having different identifications throughout the country to know them, they were as follows:- Koli, Nayaka, Boyar,Telaga, Bantu,Mudiraj,Mutrasi, Tenugollu,Bedaru,Gangaputra & Gangawar caste is known by differen t names in different parts of the country such as Mutharacha, MuthiRajuloo, Muthrasan, Muthirasi, Mudiraj, Naik, Bantu,Tellugode, Telaga, Thenogode, Talari, Koli etc. in Andhra Pradesh, asMuthirayar and Muthirayan in Tamilnadu, as Gangawar, Gangamatha, Bestha,Boya, Kabber, Kabbalgar and Gangaputra, Koli etc. in Karnataka and as Koli in northern parts of the country.The main occupation and profession of these people is fishing since ancient times. Anantaraman Commission categorized the Backward Classes under four groups. Aboriginal tribes, Vimukta jathis, nomadic and semi nomadic tribes are included in Group – A. 12 The Solar race koli people of boya palegar were ruled throughout the sound India by the honorary title of Nayaka, The valmiki said to be Balija / Balji / Gurusthula / Naidu, those people were ruled the Tanjavore, Madura and Vijayanagar. Origin Balija, Balji, Gurusthulu, Naidu. — A large trading persons.In the Central Provinces 1200 were enumerated in 191 1, excluding 1500 Perikis, who though really a sub-caste and not a very exalted one of Balijas, claim to be a separate caste. They are mostly returned from places where Madras troops have been stationed, as Nagpur, Jubbulpore and Raipur. The caste are frequently known as Naidu, a corruption of the Telugu word Nayakdu, a prince or leader. Their associates are supposed to have been Nayaks or kings of Madura, Tanjore and Vijayanagar. 13 Gulti – A section of Boya, members of which are to be found in Choolay, Madras City. 4 Boyars said to be Valmiki bhramana’s. ,[15] sadaru and lingayat were sub section of boya people. 16 The Boya people sub section known as Kal odder(stone and building workers), man odder(earth digging), Pai odder(mat) and bandi odder(cart). 17 BOYA NAYAKA’S IN CENTRAL PREVALENCE IN INDIA Two particular clans, the Surajvansi and Chandra or Somvansi, are named after the sun and moon respectively  ; and a few others, as the Sesodia, Kachhwaha, Gohil, B ais and Badgijjar, are recorded as being of the solar race, descended from Vishnu throughout his incarnation as Rama.The Rathors also claimed solar lineage, but this was not wholly conceded by the Bhats, and the Dikhits are assigned to the solar branch by their legends. The great clan of the Yadavas, of v/hom the present Jadon or Jadumand Bhatti Rajputs are representatives, was of the lunar (moon) race, tracing their descent from Krishna, though, as a matter of fact, Krishna was also an incarnation of Vishnu or the sun  ; and the Tuar or Tomara, as well as the Jit or Gete, the Rajput section of the modern Jats, who were considered to be branches of the Yadavas, would also be of the moon division.The Gautam and Bisen clans, who are not included in the thirty-six royal races, now claim lunar descent. Four clans, the Panwar, Chauhan, Chaluk)-a or Solankhi, and Parihar, had a different origin, being held to have been born through the agency of the gods from a fire- pit on the summit o f Mount Abu. They are therefore known as Agnikula or the fire races. (Kachhwaha, Gohil, Bais and Badgijjar, are recorded as being of the solar race, descended from Vishnu through his incarnation as Rama). 18 Maurya Kings were Solar or Sun Race people. 19 Place   : Punjab, Patna, Odissi, MysorePeriod  : Period Lanuages: Old Indic (Sanskrit, Prakrits) Rulers: Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Ashoka the great, Dasaratha, Satadhanvan, Brihadratha. 20,21 The word of Bhoyar said to be Bhoir/ Mahajan/Patel and it has been arrived from the rajput of Panwar community and the the word of Bhor in bhoyar mean sun rice, and facing east, start to go east etc. The Bhoyar were segmented into four. Those were:- 1. Panwari 2. Dalewar 3. Chaurasia & 4. Dharia The boyars were done agriculture, and they dealt with other people and They can take food from only bhramins, and does not from others.The water will be taken from the equal peoples of boya, and the boya people will be named their child 10 to 12 names till the good one is suit and even it struggled then they have to fix the name of the child with the help of astrologer. 22 The boyars and the koli were the same community and they know the proper agriculture business with proper water cultivation by fixing paths. 23,24 The boya and koli people constructed the dam for the purpose of proper agriculture and fulfil the need of water in various purposes of living to the people of the country. 5 Dharia – from Dhar , the old name of Jubbulpore country,They were rajput’s and the same clan of Bhoya and the sub section were Balar, Mahar, Maratha, & Teli, Chadar & Kalia. 26 Dhokwar is Sub caste of bhoyar and Koli/Goli. 27 Panwar is Rajput vamse and Bhoyar and Banja is sub sections of panwar, furthermore the Ahir, Bhilala, Kosali, Maratha, and Marori were also generated from Panwar. 28 Ahir community called as Gaoli,Guala,Golkar,Gaolan,Rawat,Gahra, and Mahakul. The Golkars of Chanda may be derived from the Telugu Golars or graziers, the Ahir people known as koli and the same people till now ruling the Nepal.In many castes there is a separate division of AhIrs, such as the Ahir Sunars, Sutars, Lohars, Shimpis, Sails, Guraos and Kolis. The Lord Krishna Born in Ahir community, In Chanda the Gowaris are admittedly descended from the unions of Gonds and Ahirs, and one of their subcastes, the Gond- Gowaris)29 The Lord Krishna race is moon race, already we understood that the mothers kul considered for children birth in earlier days, just like the Mother Ganga name will be fixed for Bhima generations in Mahabharath purana, so till the Boya people known as Ganga putra, Ganga Matha, Gangawar/Gangavar etc. to identify the community in the common stock of the entire people in the country. It has not been forgotten that Krishna is sometimes given, on his father's sides, a solar pedigree  ; but it is as member of a lunar dynasty, the Jadons of Mathura, that he is chiefly celebrated. ) 30 The Bhoya and Korku P eople Base at Dhar City clan, The quotations previously given have shown how this virile clan of Rajputs travelled to the north, south and east from their own country in search of a livelihood. ll over the place they made their mark so that they live in history, but they paid no regard to the purity of their Rajput blood and took to themselves wives from the women of the country as they could get them. The Panwars of the Wainganga Valley have developed into a caste marrying among themselves. They have no subcastes but thirty-six exogamous sections. Some of these have the names of Rajput clans, while others are derived from villages, titles or names of offices, or from other castes.Among the titular names are Chaudhri (Velama/Kamma) (headman), Patlia (patel or chief officer of a village) and Sonwania (one who purifies offenders among the Gonds and other tribes). Among the names of other castes are Bopcha or Korku, Bhoyar (a caste of cultivators), Pardhi (hunter), Kohli (a local culti vating caste) and Sahria (from the Saonr tribe). These names indicate how freely they have intermarried. It is noticeable that the Bhoyars and Korkus of Betul both say that their ancestors were Panwars of Dhar, and the occurrence of both names among the Panwars of Balaghat may indicate that these castes also have some Panwar blood.Three names, Rahmat (kind), Turukh or Turk, and Farld (a well-known saint), are of Muhammadan origin, and indicate intermarriage in that quarter. Girls are usually, but not necessarily, married before adolescence. Occasionally a Panwar boy who cannot afford a regular wedding will enter his prospective father-in-law's house and serve him for a year or more, when he will obtain a daughter in marriage. And sometimes a girl will contract a liking for some man or boy of the caste and will go to his house, leaving her home. In such cases the parents accept the accomplished fact, and the couples are married.If the boy's parents refuse their consent they are tempo rarily put out of caste, and subsequently the neighbors will not pay them the customary visits on the occasions of family joys and grief’s. Even if a girl has lived with a man of another caste, as long as she has not borne a child, she may be re-admitted to the community on payment of such penalty as the elders may determine. If her own parents will not take her back, a man of the same gotra or section is appointed as her guardian and she can be married from his house.The ceremonies of a Panwar marriage are detailed. Marriage-sheds are erected at the houses both of the bride and bridegroom in accordance with the usual practice, and just before the wedding, parties are given at both houses; the village watchman brings the toraji or string of mango- leaves, which is hung round the marriage-shed in the manner of a triumphal arch, and in the evening the party assembles, the men sitting at one side of the shed and the women at the other.Presents of clothes are made to the child wh o is to be married, and the following song is sung: The mother of the bride grew angry and went away to the mango grove. Come soon, come quickly. Mother, it is tlie time for giving clothes. The father of the bridegroom has sent the bride a fold of cloth from his house, The fold of it is like the curve of the winnowing-fan, and there is a bodice decked with coral and pearls. Before the actual wedding the father of the bridegroom goes to the bride's house and gives her clothes and other presents, and the following is a specimen given by Mr.Muhammad Yusuf of the songs sung on this occasion: Five years old to-day is Bfija Bai the bride  ; Send word to the mother of the bridegroom  ; Her dress is too short, send for the Koshta, Husband  ; The Koshta came and wove a border to the dress. Afterwards the girl's father goes and makes parallel presents to the bridegroom. After many preliminary ceremonies the marriage procession proper sets forth, consisting of men only. Before the boy st arts his mother places her breast in his mouth; the maid-servants stand before him with vessels of water, and he puts a piece in each.During the journey songs are sung, of which the following is a specimen: The linseed and gram are in flower in Chait. O  ! the boy bridegroom is going to another country  ; O Mother  ! how may he go to another country  ? Make payment before he enters another country  ; O Mother  ! how may he cross the border of another country  ? Make payment before he crosses the border of another country  ; O Mother  ! how may he touch another's bower . Make payment before he touches another's bower  ; O Mother  ! how shall he bathe with strange water  ? Make payment before he bathes with strange water  ;O Mother  ! how may he eat another's baiiwat  ? â€Å"^ Make payment before he eats another's banwat  ; O Mother  ! how shall he marry another woman  ? He shall wed her holding the little finger of her left hand. The bridegroom's parties are forever driven to the marriage in bullock-carts, and when they approach the bride's village her people also come to meet them in carts. All the party then turns and race to the village, and the winner obtains much distinction. The cart men afterwards go to the bride- groom's father and he has to make them a present of from one to forty rupees.On arriving at the village the bridegroom is carried to Devi's shrine in a man's arms, while four other men hold a canopy over him, and from there to the marriage- shed. He touches a bamboo of this, and a man seated on the top pours turmeric and water over his head. Five men of the groom's party go to the bride's house carrying salt, and here their feet are washed and the tika or mark of anointing is made on their foreheads. Afterwards they carry rice in the same manner and with this is the wedding-rice, colored yellow with turmeric and known as the Lagun-gath. Before sunset the bridegroom goes to the bride's house for the wedding. Two baskets are hung before Dulha Deo's shrine inside the house, and the couples are seated in these with a cloth between them. The ends of their clothes are knotted, the four Agnikula or fire- born clans, the ‘’’Parihar, Chalukya or Solankhi, Panwar and Chauhan’’’, are considered to be the descendants of the White Hun and Gujar invaders of the fifth and sixth centuries. These clans were said to have been created by the gods from a firepit on the summit of Mount Abu for the re-birth of the Kshatriya caste after it had been exterminated by the slaughter of Parasurama the Brahman.And it has been suggested that this legend refers to the cruel massacres of the Huns, by which the bulk of the old aristocracy, then mainly buddhist, was wiped out; while the Huns and Gujars, one at least of whose leaders was a fervent adherent of Brahmanism and slaughtered the Buddhists of the Punjab, became the new fire-born clans on being absorbed into Hinduism. The name of the Huns is still retained in the Huna clan, now almost extinct. There remain the clans descended from the sun through Rama, and it would be points out that the Buddha here referred origin. o is probably the planet Mercury. 31 chalukya clan and rulers were Bhoya /Bhoi People and they have ruled the odissa desh in 16th centrury about 234 years by 12 kings were ruled the country. 32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 The Boya village histry at Pali district at Rasjastan tell the history of boya and they known as Rajput. 40 Important history in the nayaka’s Prataprudradeva inherited a vast kingdom which was however fast declining. By that time the kingdom of Vijayanagar was rapidly rising as a rival of Orissa.In 1509 when The Solar Race, Prataprudra led a campaign against Vijayanagar, Krushnadeva Raya had just succeeded to the throne of other kingdom, but before a decisive battle was fought Sultan Allauddin Hussan Shah of Bengal invaded Orissa and advanced as far as her capital. So P rataprudradeva was forced to give up war with Vijayanagar and rushed back to his capital. Sultan Hussan Shah was defeated and was driven back beyond the borders of Orissa. But in the south Krishnadeva Raya acquired an easy victory over Orissan army. The last war Krishnadeva Raya with the army of Orissa was fought in 1519 and this time also he came out victorious.Durinmg this last war he is said to have burnt the city of Katak. Subsequently a treaty was concluded between Orissa and Vijayanagar in August 1519. According to the treaty the river Krishna formed the southern boundary of Orissa. Krishnadeva Raya married Jaganmohini, the daughter of Prataprudradeva. Prataprudradeva succeeded in retaining his kingdom from the Ganges to the Krishna inspite of military defeats. During his rule Orissa made great advancement in the sphere of religion and culture. Sri Chaitanya who came to Orissa in 1510 preached the gospel of Vaishnavism and had a great impact on the religion and culture of Oris sa. 41,42,43Markable Nayaka in Deity Services The Boya hunter Kannappa Nayanar donate his eyes to Lord Siva. 44,45,46 sree Bhaktha Kannappa/ Sree Kannappa Nayanar [pic] Sree bhaktha kannapa was known as boya thinnadu by his parants Temples of Boya Nayak Sree Poori Jeganathar Temple [pic] Sree Poori Jeganathar Temple, orissa, from 16th century to till now the Boya king trusties taking care of temple. 47,48 Sree Bhoya Konda Gangamma Temple [pic]   [pic] Gangamma Temple In Boyakonda , Chittoor Gangamma is the incarnation of Shakti. Located at Chowdepalli, Chittoor District, near Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, her temple is dedicated to the sister of Venkateswara.Centuries ago the tribals Boyas and Yelikas lived in the forest area around the hillock. They stood up and resented the repressive and automatic rule of the Nawabs. They retaliated against the Muslim soldiers and chased them. The Golconda Nawab rushed additional troops to crush the revolt. Boya tribals could not withstand the onsl aught of the Muslim army and fled into the forest and prostrated near the hillock and prayed Almighty to save them. The spirit of the Goddess Shakti descended from the hillock, shielded the tribals and crushed the Nawab's army.Local people say that the Shakti has tied the heads of soldiers to banyan tree branches. 49 sree chenna Kesava Perumal Temple [pic] Sree Chenakesava temple , Kadavakallu. This village is about 20 km from Tadipatri on the Kondapuram-Goddumarri road in Putlur mandal, and also known as Kalava-Koladu and it was the seat of local chiefs, ie. Boya Palegars. The temple Chennakesava was constructed by Messa Thimma Naidu, a Boya palegar. The temple has garbhagriha, antrala ,mukhamandapa and faces west. are of Nagara order. The sikhara of this temple is decorated with stucco vainasanava sculptures.This temple is dated to 16th century A. D. 50 Role of Boya Nayaka's in Temple Developments The Boya Nayaka’s done many donations to the temple in various periods. 51 Im portant Boya Nayaka Politicians [pic] Dr. B. R. Ambedkar come from Mahar community and it was a sub section of Bhoya community. 52,53 References 1. People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 1092 to 1094 Manohar Publications 2. People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 1092 to 1094 Manohar Publications 3. Wilson Hunter (1885).The imperial gazetteer of India – Contributor: University of Massachusetts, Boston first1=William. 3. Trubner & co.. p. 428 location=London. Retrieved 2012-10-17. 4. Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. V (M to P). Madras: Government Press. p. 138-139. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 5. Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. V (M to P). Madras: Government Press. p. 138. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 6. Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. V (M to P). Madras: Government Press. p. 139. Retrieved 2012-03-24. . The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. III. London: Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martin’s Street, London. 1916. p. 215. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 8. â€Å"CASTES†. Maharastra: Govt. of Maharastra. 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 9. Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. I (A to B). Madras: Government Press. p. 187. Retrieved 2012-10-11. 10. CASTES AND TRIBES OF H. E. H. THE NIZAM'S DOMINIONS. I. BOMBAY: THE TIMES PRESS. 1920. p. 77-84. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 11. [http://archive. org/stream/cu31924088964154/cu31924088964154_djvu. xt THE CASTES AND TRIBES OF H. E. H. THE NIZAM'S DOMINIONS]. I. MADRAS: THE TIMES PRESS. 1920. p. 34-43. Retrieved 2012-10-24. 12. – CHANGE OF GROUP FROM ‘D’ TO GROUP ‘A’ IN THE LIST of B. C. s, MUDIRAJ, MUTRASI, TENUGOLLU CASTE (1994). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. pdf. Andhra Pradesh: Government Press. p. 1. Retrieved 2012-10-10. 13. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. II. London: Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martin’s Street, London. 1916. p. 108-112. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 14. Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. II ( C to J ).Madras: Government Press. p. 308. Retrieved 2012-11-09. 15. Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. I (A to B). Madras: Government Press. p. 187. Retrieved 2012-10-11. 16. Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. I (A to B). Madras: Government Press. p. 185. Retrieved 2012-10-11. 17. Thurston, Edgar; Rangachari, K. (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India. V ( M to P ). Madras: Government Press. p. 427. Retrieved 2012-11-09. 18. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. IV. London: Macmillan and Co. , Limited St.Martin’s Street, London. 1916. p. 413. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 19. CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA. 1 . Lucknow: The Upper India Publishing House ltd . ,. 1935. p. 29. Retrieved 2012-11-21. 20. â€Å"MAURYA DYNASTY†. Retrieved 2012-11-21. 21. â€Å"The Maurya Empire†. Retrieved 2012-11-21. 22. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. II. London: Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martin’s Street, London. 1916. p. 300-304. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 23. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. I. London: Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martin’s Street, London. 1916. p. 63. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 24.The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. II. London: Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martin’s Street, London. 1916. p. 300-304. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 25. The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India. III. London: Macmillan and Co. , Limited St. Martin’s Street, London. 1916. p. 493. Retrieved 2012-10-31. 26.

Free Essays on Medea

It all started when Cupid’s arrow pierced Medeas heart causing her to fall madly in love with Jason, beginning her moral corruption. Medea's overpowering manipulation through out her speeches allows one self to despise her character. Medea has the ability to coerce one to believe her evil schemes, â€Å"thought most helpless in doing good deeds, are of every evil the cleverest of contrivers.† Medea isolated herself from the chorus informing them they cannot feel the tremendous amount of pain Jason has caused her. â€Å"You have not suffered as I have,† convincing the chorus that they can’t feel her suffering, she continues to tell them her pain justifies her reasoning for her upcoming actions. Medea builds herself a wall between herself and the chorus, and in doing so she has the chorus fooled and completely for her. In Medea’s speech begging for her one more day in Corinth she gains Creon’s pity when she speaks of her children, relating them to his own. â€Å"And to look for support for my children†¦have pity on them,† Medea explains how her children have nowhere to go. Medea wanted Creon to feel too guilty about her and her kids being sent away, in order to fulfill her need for revenge. â€Å"You have children on your own.† She brings the two of them together through their common shared love for their own children. She has then manipulated Creon into allowing her to stay one more day in Corinth. Medea’s ability to manipulate one surpasses any emotion of sanity one might have. Medea consistently gains one’s respect by relating one to herself, then in gaining one’s respect Medea twists her story to set one up for an opposite outcome.... Free Essays on Medea Free Essays on Medea Medea’s Insanity in Euripides’s play Medea â€Å"Death. Death is my wish. For myself, my enemies, my children. Destruction.†(13). Medea said this quote in the play Medea when she learns that she is going to be exiled from Corinth. Medea is basically saying that she hopes everyone dies. The quote is significant because it shows that she wants to kill everyone including herself, which seems like she is insane. In Medea a women named Medea seeks revenge for her husband leaving her by killing everyone. When a woman wants to kill everyone and everything around her because of her husband leaving her there must be something wrong in her mind, making her insane. Euripides, in his play Medea, uses the characterization of Medea, to show she is legally insane due to mental illness. The many evil thoughts of Medea show that she is insane due to mental illness. Jason betrays Medea and marries the daughter of the king of Corinth. Medea was so angry and furious with Jason that she wishes death upon everyone. Intending for Jason, Medea says, â€Å"NO! I want him crushed, boneless, crawling-â€Å"(72). When Medea is saying this it is like foreshadowing, because later in the play her children and her enemies do die. When Medea says this you first find out how insane she really is. Nobody wishes death upon everything unless they really are insane. This is just one of Medea’s foolish harebrained ideas. When Medea is talking to King Creon about his daughter she says, â€Å"But I wish her well, my lord! I wish her all happiness. I hope that Jason may be kind to her. As-to me.†(22). Jason was not kind to Medea at all, and by saying this Medea is telling Creon that she hopes Creusa will be cheated on and betrayed just like her. Medea seems more insane when she says this because of the way she lied to Creon’s face. This shows once again of Medea’s insanity because it is very absurd for a person to lie directly to another’s face. From these quotes it s... Free Essays on Medea Despite its ancient context, ‘Medea’ is a play that is as current now as it was in the fifth century BC, due to its universal themes, its basic structure and strong distinct characters. Themes such as revenge and jealousy stemming from love are such widespread sentiments they will always be relevant in the theatre. The structure of the play, while not that of a contempory playwright, is easy to follow, significant for its historical nature and provides an opportunity for modern interpretations of the play and in Medea and the Chorus we see characters that are reflected in today’s society. The major themes of ‘Medea’ are that of jealously and revenge, with love as the motivating factor behind it, and these themes are as common in contempory theatre as they are in ancient theatre. While the events of ‘Medea’ are perhaps a more dramatically heightened reflection of life than modern theatre, the idea of a spurned lover seeking to have her revenge on the one who betrayed her is not an unusual or outdated concept. The major theme of love is stated explicitly in the Chorus’ line â€Å"The fiercest anger of all†¦is that which rages in the place of dearest love.† (Euripides pg 32). Love is the ultimate subject for any art and ‘Medea’ explores this theme in a way that modern theatre would also attempt to. ‘Medea’ is a good play to study for its themes, as its structure makes them easily visible and definable. The play’s structure – especially with regards to the chorus – is not wholly applicable in a modern context, but it is still easy to understand, manipulate and significant for historical reasons. The use of the parados and exodus of a chorus is not used in modern theatre; however its use in ‘Medea’ is vital for the proper explanation of the story. As ‘Medea’ is a continuation of the Greek myth ‘Jason and the Argonauts’, without the Nurse – in her position of basically a featured choru... Free Essays on Medea It all started when Cupid’s arrow pierced Medeas heart causing her to fall madly in love with Jason, beginning her moral corruption. Medea's overpowering manipulation through out her speeches allows one self to despise her character. Medea has the ability to coerce one to believe her evil schemes, â€Å"thought most helpless in doing good deeds, are of every evil the cleverest of contrivers.† Medea isolated herself from the chorus informing them they cannot feel the tremendous amount of pain Jason has caused her. â€Å"You have not suffered as I have,† convincing the chorus that they can’t feel her suffering, she continues to tell them her pain justifies her reasoning for her upcoming actions. Medea builds herself a wall between herself and the chorus, and in doing so she has the chorus fooled and completely for her. In Medea’s speech begging for her one more day in Corinth she gains Creon’s pity when she speaks of her children, relating them to his own. â€Å"And to look for support for my children†¦have pity on them,† Medea explains how her children have nowhere to go. Medea wanted Creon to feel too guilty about her and her kids being sent away, in order to fulfill her need for revenge. â€Å"You have children on your own.† She brings the two of them together through their common shared love for their own children. She has then manipulated Creon into allowing her to stay one more day in Corinth. Medea’s ability to manipulate one surpasses any emotion of sanity one might have. Medea consistently gains one’s respect by relating one to herself, then in gaining one’s respect Medea twists her story to set one up for an opposite outcome.... Free Essays on Medea Obsession as a driving force in Euripides’ Medea â€Å"The fiercest anger of all, the most incurable, is that which rages in the place of dearest love† (Medea 32). With this brief sentiment, the collective mind of the female Chorus in Euripides’ Medea relays to the audience the destructive potential of devotion transformed into an obsession for revenge. Medea embodies the ultimate scorned female figure; a person disposed to taking horrific actions to satisfy the need to wound her enemies. Such a personage, often blinded by an insuppressible fury, habitually finds personal justification in taking actions of revenge that may ultimately cause them more grief than their adversary endures. Her propensity to unhindered obsession is ultimately the driving force which propels Medea through her life, first causing her to take extreme actions to secure Jason for her husband, and then to continue her murderous rampage in response to her husband’s infidelity. Medea’s irrational and horrific response to her husband’s new wife stems from a deeply rooted belief that she is solely responsible for Jason’s successes during their courtship. When Jason first confronts Medea, imploring her to cease her behavior, his scorned wife quickly reminds him of the role she played in his past victories. â€Å"The serpent that kept watch over the Golden Fleece†¦it was I who killed it, and so lit the torch of your success† (Medea 31). Medea continues to remind Jason that she was also responsible for saving his life from the fire-breathing bulls, and that she betrayed her own father and homeland, and caused the death of a king in order to ensure a life of greatness together. Additional players inform the audience that Medea’s compulsion further propelled her to murder her own father and brother before ultimately fleeing with Jason to a life in exile in Corinth. Due to the extremity of her past actions, which she attribu tes to love, and the fact that ... Free Essays on Medea Dance is a form of expression which is uniquely expressed by an individual in his or her own way. Martha Graham influenced the world with her individual form of dance which changed dance. Graham has influenced many dancers to learn the Graham technique because it is different from ballet and it’s contemporary. Martha Graham has choreographed many dances which have been touched by people around the world. Her dances are unique in style and choreography. She is called the pioneer of modern dance, because she developed her own style of dance. In the 1930’s Graham developed a technique which uses the body to perform in percussive manners and let the emotions run freely. In the performances choreographed by Graham feelings in each dance is carried out so the audience can feel the pain or the happiness. In the performance Cave of Heart Graham has once again shown how she works her magic by carrying out every feeling. Cave of the Heart is a Greek mythology which was turned into a dance by Martha Graham. The dance was presented with such expression and feelings. The destructive powers of love, dark passions of the human heart are shown through the dance. Medea was a sorceress who, was in love with Jason. She used her magical powers to help him gain a Golden Fleece. Medea fled with him to Corinth and sacrificed everything that was dear to her. Jason was very ambitious and just cared about power and abandoned Medea. Medea felt betrayed by Jason because he had felt her alone. So Medea plans a plot which would end in death of her rival the princess and murder of her own two children. Medea is so furious with Jason that she wants to destroy everything even there children. Medea was adopted by Martha Graham, to create an expressive dance. This dance showed how Medea felt with the moves and colors which were chosen for the costumes. The dance moves in weren’t stiff, the moves were talking with the hands and showing feelings. Medea express...

Important School Tips for Parents From a Principal

Important School Tips for Parents From a Principal For teachers, parents can be your worst enemy or your best friend.  Over the course of the last decade, I have worked with a handful of the most difficult parents, as well as many of the best parents. I believe that the majority of parents do a terrific job and genuinely try their best. The truth is that being a parent is not easy. We make mistakes, and there is no way we can be good at everything. Sometimes as a parent it is critical to rely on and seek advice from experts in certain areas. As a principal, I would like to offer a few school tips for parents that I believe every educator would want them to know, and that will also benefit their children. 1. Be Supportive Any teacher will tell you that if a child’s parent is supportive that they will gladly work through any issues that might arise over the course of the school year. Teachers are human, and there is a chance they will make a mistake. However, despite perception, most teachers are dedicated professionals who do a terrific job day in and day out. It is unrealistic to think that there are not bad teachers out there, but most are exceptionally skilled at what they do. If your child does have a lousy teacher, please don’t judge the next teacher based on the previous, and voice your concerns about that teacher to the principal. If your child has an excellent teacher, then make sure that the teacher knows how you feel about them and also let the principal know. Voice your support not only of the teacher but of the school as a whole. 2. Be Involved and Stay Involved One of the most frustrating trends in schools is how the level of parental involvement decreases as a child’s age increases. It is an extremely discouraging fact because children of all ages would benefit if their parents would stay involved. While it is certain that the first few years of school are arguably the most important, the other years are important as well. Children are smart and intuitive. When they see their parents taking a step back in their involvement, it sends the wrong message. Most children will start to slack off too. It is a sad reality that many middle school and high school parent/teacher conferences have an exceedingly small turnout. The ones who do show up are the ones that teachers often say don’t need to, but the correlation to their child’s success and their continued involvement in their child’s education is no mistake. Every parent should know what is going on in their child’s daily school life. A parent should do the following things every day: Ask your child how their school day went. Engage in conversation about what they learned, whom their friends are, what they had for lunch, etc.Make sure your child has time set aside to complete homework. Be there to answer any questions or assist when needed.Read all notes/memos sent home from the school and/or teacher. Notes are the primary form of communications between a teacher and parents. Look for them and read them to stay up-to-date on events.Contact your child’s teacher immediately if you have any concerns.Value your child’s education and express the importance of it every single day. This is arguably the single most valuable thing a parent can do when it comes to their child’s education. Those that value education often thrives and those that don’t often fail. 3. Do Not Bad-Mouth the Teacher in Front of Your Child Nothing undermines the authority of a teacher any faster than when a parent continuously bashes them or talks bad about them in front of their child. There are times when you are going to be upset with a teacher, but your child should never know exactly how you feel. It will interfere with their education. If you vocally and adamantly disrespect the teacher, then your child will likely mirror you. Keep your personal feelings about the teacher between yourself, the school administration, and the teacher. 4. Follow Through As an administrator, I cannot tell you how many times I have dealt with a student discipline issue where the parent will come in tremendously supportive and apologetic about their child’s behavior. They often tell you that they are going to ground their child and discipline them at home on top of the school’s punishment. However, when you inquire with the student the next day, they tell you that nothing was done. Children need structure and discipline and most crave it on some level. If your child makes a mistake, then there should be consequences at school and at home. This will show the child that both the parent and school are on the same page and that they are not going to be allowed to get away with that behavior. However, if you do not have any intent on following through on your end, then do not promise to take care of it at home. When you practice this behavior, it sends an underlying message that the child can make a mistake, but in the end, there is not going to be a punishment. Follow through with your threats. 5. Do Not Take Your Child’s Word for the Truth If your child came home from school and told you that their teacher threw a box of Kleenexes at them, how would you handle it? Would you instantly assume that they are telling the truth?Would you call or meet the principal and demand that the teacher be removed?Would you aggressively approach the teacher and make accusations?Would you call and request a meeting with the teacher to ask them calmly if they could explain what happened? If you are a parent who chooses anything other than 4, then your choice is the worst kind of a slap in the face to an educator. Parents who take their child’s word over an adult before consulting with the adult challenge their authority. While it is entirely possible that the child is telling the truth, the teacher should be given the right to explain their side without being viciously attacked first. Too many times, children leave out crucial facts, when explaining situations like this to their parent. Children are often devious by nature, and if there is a chance they can get their teacher in trouble, then they will go for it. Parents and teachers who stay on the same page and work together alleviate this opportunity for assumptions and misconceptions because the child knows they won’t get away with it. 6. Do Not Make Excuses for Your Child Help us hold your child accountable. If your child makes a mistake, don’t bail them out by constantly making excuses for them. From time to time, there are legitimate excuses, but if you are constantly making excuses for your child, then you are not doing them any favors. You won’t be able to make excuses for them their whole life, so don’t let them get into that habit. If they didn’t do their homework, don’t call the teacher and say it was your fault because you took them to a ball game. If they get in trouble for hitting another student, don’t make the excuse that they learned that behavior from an older sibling. Stand firm with the school and teach them a life lesson that could prevent them from making bigger mistakes later on.

Belgium's economic and monetary affairs Research Paper

Belgium's economic and monetary affairs - Research Paper Example Belgium consists of two major nationalists, the Flemish speaking north, and the French speaking Walloons in the south. The other subset arises from Brussels, the Bilingual capital, where the two major nationalists share official ranks. It is also a constitutional monarchy that experiences lots of tension and political instabilities, as the two major cultural groups in the separate regions, fail to reconcile their differences for the coalition governments to run effectively. Belgium, as a founder member of European Union has been an active contributor to pursue European integration, fully signed up to main measures of closer co-operation, comprising of Euro and Schengen convention (â€Å"Belgium and Luxembourg,† civitas.org.uk). Belgium hosts lots of General European institutions and meetings. The headquarters of EU, venue of EU council presidencies, EESC, and CoR institutions strongly linked to EU are all based in Brussels (â€Å"Belgium and the European,† belgium.be). With continued active participation in the EU, the Belgian’s lives, country policies and identity has been structured, due to common EU policies and objectives. In turn, Belgium has influenced European policymaking in economics and the finance sectors. With the country having the chance to hold seatings of major European Union institutions and meetings, the politicians within its region fully participate in decision making processes. Other nations could feel neglected as Belgium, United Kingdom, and Germany influence most of the decisions, but at the same time the power to object lies with the majority, which most of the countries do not show full commitment to. Even if Belgium is part of the small member states of the EU, it is well conversant with EU’s objectives, and takes advantage of been host to major EU functions, where personnel and policy experts actively participate, enhancing their argumentative power, which influences policy making that could favors

Free writing ... romance letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free writing ... romance letter - Essay Example When I least expected, I met this girl. Out of no where, this girl planted a seed inside of me, a seed of many qualities. Not only did her personality attract me, but the seed told me that she was no ordinary girl. This seed was a seed of class and sophistication. She was one kind of a girl, the kind that can keep one mesmerized. Whether the seed was planted in the heart or elsewhere, I couldn’t figure it out. In simple words, I knew one thing; this was a very precious pearl buried deep in the sea, bringing a glimmer of light to the very depths of the ocean. This girl happened to be on the other side of the river, where the grass always seems to be greener. I was not sure whether I was watching her or I was meditating, she seemed like a butterfly fluttering away in all her magical beauty. I never thought I could have it in me to cross the river, being someone who would always discourage people for carrying out such an act. Despite all this something ignited within me, I was driven, I was carried away. The other side had always remained a mystery. Could this girl be really beautiful or just an illusion? When I reached the other side, I realized there’s more to her than meets the eye. This was a discovery I had to make alone. Quite a journey! I kept knowing more and more.. things I would never knew if I didnt choose this path. For example, I knew that journey was not a choice.. it was something that I had to... I also knew this could be the most amazing journey. Literally, I discovered beautiful things in life for the first time. Remember I was telling you about my idea of a prefect girl. Well, this girl was out of this world. She superseded all past and future thoughts.. all qualities I had imagined about a true lady. She is definitely "too good to be true". I no longer need to find more attributes. She made it easier. She whispered "here I am, just draw me†¦think of me...Im all the answers you need.